[CDC, Office of Women's Health, Health Matters for Women] National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS)

On average, 24 people per minute are victims of rape, physical violence, or stalking by an intimate partner in the United States, based on a survey conducted in 2010. Over the course of a year, that equals more than 12 million women and men. Those numbers only tell part of the story?more than 1 million women are raped in a year and over 6 million women and men are victims of stalking in a year. These findings emphasize that sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence are important and widespread public health problems in the United States.

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Sexual Violence Victimization

More than three-quarters of female victims of completed rape (79.6%) were first raped before their 25th birthday, with 42.2% experiencing their first completed rape before the age of 18 (29.9% between 11?17 years old and 12.3% at or before age 10) (Figure 2.2).

More than one-quarter of male victims of completed rape (27.8%) were first raped when they were 10 years old or younger (data not shown).

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Stalking Victimization

More than half of female victims were stalked before the age of 25; about 1 in 5 female victims experienced stalking between the ages of 11 and 17.

More than one-third of male victims were stalked before the age of 25; about 1 in 14 male victims experienced stalking between the ages of 11 and 17.

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Violence by an Intimate Partner

Among victims of intimate partner violence, about 1 in 4 women (24.3%) and 1 in 7 men (13.8%) have experienced severe physical violence by an intimate partner (e.g., hit with a fist or something hard, beaten, slammed against something) at some point in their lifetime.

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Impact of Intimate Partner Violence

Eighty-one percent (81%) of women and thirty-five percent (35%) of men who experienced rape, physical violence, or stalking by an intimate partner reported at least one impact related to the IPV experiences, such as fear, concern for safety, injury, or having missed at least one day of work or school.

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Physical and Mental Health Outcomes

Women and men who experienced rape or stalking by any perpetrator or physical violence by an intimate partner in their lifetime were more likely to report frequent headaches, chronic pain, difficulty with sleeping, activity limitations, poor physical health and poor mental health than men and women who did not experience these forms of violence.

"Intimate partner violence, rape, stalking ? all of these forms of violence can create toxic stress on the body that is long-lasting and cumulative, and can negatively impact a person's health and well-being for the rest of their life."

Dr. Howard Spivak, Director
Violence Prevention, CDC

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Source: http://www2c.cdc.gov/podcasts/download.asp?af=h&f=8622264

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Can my computer point me to a better future?

In fact, although the gentleness is real enough, the air of informality is deceptive. This inaugural webinar ? they start in earnest in the New Year ? is both structured and purposeful. We may be designated ?clubbers?, but it is 10 in the morning and the ambience is more Starbucks than Stringfellows. My companions, invisible to each other and maybe hundreds of miles apart, have not logged in for a gossip: they seriously want to better themselves, review their lives and priorities, perhaps receive a blinding epiphany or insight that will change their lives for ever (a ?Lightbulb Moment?, in Life Club jargon).

But change does not have to be that dramatic. Faculjak, a regular Life Club host (they are trained to guide discussion), says that small practical tweaks to our lifestyles ? deciding to lose weight, apply for a new job or spend less time in front of the computer ? can effect major improvements in morale and self-confidence.

As we start to type our comments into the message box, our personalities begin to emerge. I am the joker of the group, doubtless playing for approval with the odd quip; ?Michael? gives little away, playing his cards close to his chest; ?Nicola? mentions the toddler playing at her feet.

?Life Circles? is the theme of the webinar ? the idea being to look at where we are now, compare it with where we were two years ago, then focus on where we want to be in two years. Not rocket science, but as good a way as any to focus on the fact that lives can have ups and downs and that we can influence those trajectories. Although in my case, midlife crisis aside, life has pretty much remained the same the past two years: the same pleasures (writing, sport, cheap white wine), the same worries (money, my daughter?s career prospects, my mother?s health).

?Think of something nice that?s happened to you this week,? says Faculjak, setting the ball rolling. We (metaphorically) scratch our heads for a few minutes, then the message box starts to fill up. ?Nina? has had a lovely text message from a friend. I have taken a three-mile walk along a beach. Someone else has booked a haircut. The ice ? and cyberspace can be pretty chilly at times ? has been broken.

Faculjak now invites us to fill out ?balance charts?, printed out in advance. The charts are divided into 10 segments ? home, work, R & R, creativity, money and love among them. We have to give each aspect a mark between one and 10, depending on our satisfaction levels. The charts are then used as a compass to see whether we are spending time as we would wish: anyone scoring nine for work and two for rest and relaxation, for example, is in trouble.

My balance sheet shows my home life to be healthy and my R & R (code for pub) sensational; but my money rating is so low that I feel like asking one of the other clubbers for a loan. Another man realises he has been working too hard. A woman worries that her love and romance score is low. Love can include loving yourself, Faculjak reassures her. Encouragement, not uncomfortable truths, is the name of the game.

Now comes Life Circles ? another big Life Club feature designed to help us ?intuitively create? the future we want. We are invited to draw three big circles, representing our past, present and future. Within the circles, we are to draw smaller circles: one representing ourselves, the others, significant elements in our lives, from hobbies to anxieties to loved ones.

?My circle is chaotic,? someone types.

?I have noticed that the circle representing me is very small,? types someone else. ?No wonder I am short on self-confidence.?

Someone else has noticed that the circles representing worries are much bigger than those representing positive pleasures. Have they glimpsed something of lasting significance in their doodling? Or is it just that ? doodling? I am sceptical and can feel the pub beckoning, although it?s only 10.30 in the morning.

I decide to rebel a little. ?I have realised that my 'Shakespeare? circle [he counts as a hobby] is four times the size of my sex circle,? I type. ?But isn?t that simply because one word is much longer than the other??

?I have used abbreviations,? types someone else.

Oops! I am suddenly made to feel bottom of the class.

The webinar ends on an upbeat note, with clubbers invited to share their dreams for the future. Some seem to be about improvements in income rather than in self ? with one dreaming of winning the lottery, while my ultimate fantasy is a decent pension.

As class breaks up for the day, we have to set ourselves small goals. Two clubbers vow to go out for a run the next day. One woman promises to tell her husband about the webinars. And me? I resolve, though not with total conviction, to get a decent financial adviser. After which we log off, like members of an Alcoholic Anonymous group shuffling out of the room.

The odd bit of psychobabble apart, it has been fun, stimulating and, for at least one clubber, helpful. ?I have loved being able to put my life in perspective,? she types, adding a smiley emoticon for good measure. Life Clubs has another convert.

Life Clubs webinars will be held every Tuesday evening from January 10: lifeclubs.co.uk. The webinars will last from 6 to 7.30pm and cost �15. Specific topics covered will range from ?life circles? to confidence, change and communication. For further details, visit www.lifeclubs.co.uk

Source: http://telegraph.feedsportal.com/c/32726/f/568409/s/1b43d7ab/l/0L0Stelegraph0O0Chealth0C89711610CCan0Emy0Ecomputer0Epoint0Eme0Eto0Ea0Ebetter0Efuture0Bhtml/story01.htm

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Heartburn reflux rise 'triggered by fatty diet'

?Obesity could be driving a 50% rise in people suffering acid reflux over the last decade,? reported the Daily Mail. In acid reflux, stomach acid is regurgitated into the oesophagus, the tube that food passes down after it is swallowed.

The news comes from a study that found that the number of people experiencing at least one acid reflux attack a week has risen from 11.6% to 17.1% in just over a decade, while those suffering severe symptoms is up from 5.4% to 6.7%.

The large study was well-conducted, although it had some important limitations, including its reliance on people self-reporting their symptoms of acid reflux; also, much of it relied on people themselves deciding if their symptoms were minor or severe.

Most people get occasional symptoms of acid reflux, causing indigestion, or heartburn. When symptoms occur on a regular basis, the condition is called gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). While the findings are of concern, it is possible that the increase may partly be accounted for by the increasing number of older people, since the risk of GORD increases with age. The study did not look at the role of obesity, although it can increase the risk of GORD.

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Where did the story come from?

The study was carried out by researchers from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sweden?s Karolinska Institute and Kings College London. It was funded by a number of public institutions, including the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. It was published in the peer-reviewed medical journal, Gut.

The Mail's claim that fatty diets have triggered the increase is not proven by this research, which did not look at people?s diets. However, we do know that excess weight and obesity are on the increase and that they are a risk factor for GORD. Also the Mail's report of a 50% increase in symptoms gives the increase in relative risk (47%), which is perhaps misleading. In absolute terms, the percentage rise in people getting GORD at least once a week was 5.5% (from 11.6 to 17.1%).

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What kind of research was this?

This was a population-based cohort study that examined changes in the prevalence and incidence of GORD between two periods: 1995-7 to 2006-9. Prevalence is a measure of the total number of people who have the condition at any given moment; incidence is a measure of new cases. The study also examined the number of cases of GORD that disappeared spontaneously, in other words without medication.

The researchers point out that when acid reflux occurs at least once a week it is defined as GORD. GORD is associated with a reduced health-related quality of life and an increased risk of oesophageal cancer. There are also increasing numbers of new cases of oesophageal cancer in Western countries. Yet any changes in the prevalence of GORD are uncertain.

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What did the research involve?

The researchers took their data from an ongoing health study encompassing all adult residents aged 20 or over in Nord-Trondelag County, Norway. This study included giving them an assessment of GORD. This population-based study design makes the results more reliable, since by including the total population rather than say, recruiting patients from GP surgeries, it avoids any risk of selection bias.

The researchers used data from two of the study?s health surveys, the first of which took place from 1995 to 1997, and the second from 2006 to 2008. A further postal questionnaire of those who had not participated in the second survey was conducted in 2009.

In all three questionnaires participants were asked to what degree they had had heartburn or acid regurgitation during the previous 12 months and were given three response alternatives ? no complaints, minor complaints or severe complaints. Those who reported minor or severe complaints were included in the category 'any GORD' while those who reported severe complaints were categorised as having severe GORD. In the third postal questionnaire, they were asked to assess the frequency of GORD ? daily, weekly or less frequently.

Researchers also collected data on anti-reflux medication from the surveys and matched this against data from a national prescription database. They analysed the data using validated statistical methods, adjusting the results for sex and age.

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What were the basic results?

In the first study the number of participants was 58,869 (a 64% response rate) and in the second, 44,997 (49%). Of these, 29,610 (61%) were followed up, for an average of 11 years.

Below are the main findings:

• between 1995-7 and 2006-9, the number of people with at least weekly GORD increased from 11.6% to 17.1%
• the number with severe symptoms increased from 5.4% to 6.7%
• the number with any reflux symptoms increased from 31.4% to 40.9%
• the average annual incidences of any GORD and severe GORD over this period were 3.07% and 0.23%, respectively
• in women, but not men, the incidence of GORD increased with advancing age
• the average annual 'spontaneous loss' (when symptoms disappear spontaneously) was 2.32% for any GORD and 1.22% for severe GORD
• the chance of spontaneous loss of GORD decreased with advancing age

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How did the researchers interpret the results?

The researchers suggest the increase in prevalence of GORD may be due to an increase in body weight in the population, increasing age of the cohort and possibly in women by postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy. They say the increasing numbers of people with GORD may require a 'strengthened effort' to investigate and treat the condition.

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Conclusion

This was a well-conducted study and its size reduces the risk of findings being due to chance. While it does suggest that the incidence of GORD may be rising, it does have some important limitations:

• It relied on people self-reporting their symptoms of acid reflux and also recalling how often symptoms had occurred over the last 12 months, rather than, for example, using medical records. Relying on self-reporting, particularly when people have to remember symptoms over a period of months, can make the results less accurate.
• The first two surveys used did not ask people specifically how many attacks of reflux they had, although the researchers say they conducted a smaller study to validate the results.
• There was a sharp drop in participants between the two surveys, which introduces the risk of selection bias: it could be the case that those people who had GORD were more likely to� participate in the second phase, while people without the condition had no interest in continuing the study. This could skew the results and suggest higher rates of GORD.
• The rise in prevalence could partly be due to the rise in age of the participants, although the researchers say they adjusted their results for age.

In conclusion, the possible increase in GORD and its causes requires further investigation.

Links To The Headlines

Cancer fears as fatty diets trigger 50% surge in heartburn in just a decade. Daily Mail, December 22 2011

Links To Science

Ness-Jensen E, Lindam A, Lagergren J, et al. Changes in prevalence, incidence and spontaneous loss of gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms: a prospective population-based cohort study, the HUNT study. Gut, December 21 2011

Source: http://www.nhs.uk/news/2011/12December/Pages/heartburn-acid-reflux-fatty-diet.aspx

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2011's best health news

Although Behind the Headlines often spends time explaining mistaken or misguided news reports, the joy of this service is when there are genuinely exciting medical advances to report.

Over the past year there have been many important and fascinating stories, and it is a credit to the national press that so many of them have been so well understood and so well reported. Here?s our pick of some of the best stories from the many brilliant health articles and impressive studies published in 2011.

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Heartwarming gene therapy

By far the most heartwarming breakthrough in medical science involves�the story of seven-year-old Jack Crick (presumably no relation to the co-discoverer of the DNA double helix). Jack was born with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) ? an inherited genetic mutation that causes an inability to fight off infection ? severely limiting his chances of surviving more than a few years. The condition is often referred to as ?bubble boy syndrome? due the need to live in a germ-free plastic isolation bubble, as even a normally minor infection could prove fatal.

Some excellent reporting by both the Daily Mail and The Daily Telegraph explained how James and 13 other children with SCID are now able to live normal lives following stem cell gene therapy. After being treated by the Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital the children have seen the function of their immune cells restored, meaning that risk of serious infection is massively reduced. The therapy also has implications for a variety of other genetic disorders of the blood, such as beta thalassaemia.

Gene therapy has also been a major topic in health news, including as a potential way to treat Parkinson?s disease. This news from March was also well reported and�could provide�a genuine breakthrough.

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Synthetic pumps and pipes

Some people are said to have a heart of gold, others, a heart of stone. Now there?s someone with a heart of plastic. Thirty-year-old Matthew Green, who had end-stage heart failure, was given a 'total artificial heart' in June as a stop-gap measure while he waits for a suitable donor organ. This amazing story was one of the most widely covered in 2011, receiving some excellent explanations of both the medical and personal implications of the experimental treatment.

What?s more we could soon be seeing more of the circulatory system made artificially, after�scientists successfully ran a trial using synthetic veins (made from human and dog muscle cells) transplanted into other animals. However, current experimental research does not support The Daily Telegraph?s report that the new veins can be ?safely transplanted into any patient?.

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The molecular scalpel

In July, the BBC heralded�a potential new drug that could help significant numbers of children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) a debilitating condition for which there is currently no cure.�The drug,�known as AVI-4658 in the lab,�was instead given the much snappier title of the 'molecular scalpel' by the press,�as it helps to ignore or 'cut out'? genetic defects that prevent the body producing a protein (dystrophin) that causes DMD. The researchers reckon that around 83% of people with DMD could be helped by this molecular scalpel technique.

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Simple baby heart defect test

At the more everyday, less cutting-edge end of medical science, we have confirmation that a simple,�routine test is a great way of detecting heart defects in newborn babies before they leave hospital. An infrared sensor is used to detect the level of oxygen in the blood in the fingers or toes, with a low oxygen level suggesting a congenital heart problem. This widely reported and large study has now shown the test is superior to other safe and simple methods of detecting congenital heart defects.

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A shot in the arm for vaccines

Some of the most exciting developments this year have happened in the world of vaccines. These have the potential to save thousands, if not millions, of lives worldwide and include:

• Steps towards a 'universal flu vaccine'�as scientists find an antibody that fights the two main types of influenza
• a�possible HIV vaccine (and the good news is that�HIV rates are already dropping in the UK�even without an effective vaccine)
• a meningitis B vaccine, which although only theoretical, would be a great advance because it would treat the most common strain of the disease. However, the Daily Mail?s assertion in June, that the vaccine ?will be available within months? appears a little hasty.

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Listening to The Cure?

If you?re sick of hearing Christmas carols and cheesy 70s seasonal pop anthems you may be perplexed by a finding from August. A small, but important study found that�people with depression who had music therapy sessions�alongside standard treatment showed improvements in measures of depression, anxiety and general functioning than those only receiving normal treatment. This research was generally well reported, although The Independent?s headline suggested that music therapy is a cure, which is not the case.

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But the bad news is ?

Not all health news reports exciting discoveries about new tests and treatments. Unfortunately, our increasing knowledge and use of healthcare often highlights new dangers. In July, doctors isolated a new strain of a sexually transmitted bacteria, H041, that they have dubbed "superbug gonorrhoea" because of its resistance to antibiotics. Fortunately, the Daily Mirror?s warning about an ?epidemic? of this superbug gonorrhoea has proved wide of the mark, so far, but serves as a good reminder to practise safer sex.

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What does the future hold?

In 2012, we expect to see more of the same, with great advances made in these and other areas. We also predict better reporting of medical science in the mainstream media, and we hope that we helped in your understanding of health news.

Source: http://www.nhs.uk/news/2011/12December/Pages/2011-best-health-stories.aspx

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Sleep Without Drugs

Do you have trouble getting to sleep at night? If so, you've probably tried many things including prescription and non-prescription drugs to help you sleep, often without relief.

A few weeks ago, I received a sample product that claims to put you to sleep in less than 7 minutes without drugs. OK, that sounded good so I decided to try the device. Wow, was I surprised each time I used the product, I did fall asleep in less than 7 minutes and I slept better throughout the night.

So, what is this "magic" sleep product? It's called NightWave. It's a small box that flashes a blue light from bright to dim over and over again for 7 minutes. All you have to do it watch the light as it brightens and dims and soon the flow of your breathing follows the light. It's magnificent!

Compare Prices: NightWave

Source: http://womenshealth.about.com/b/2011/11/29/sleep-without-drugs.htm

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Same-Sex Marriage Laws Reduce Doctor Visits And Health Care Costs For Gay Men

Main Category: Men's health
Also Included In: HIV / AIDS;��Psychology / Psychiatry
Article Date: 28 Dec 2011 - 0:00 PST

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Gay men are able to lead healthier, less stress-filled lives when states offer legal protections to same-sex couples, according to a new study examining the effects of the legalization of same-sex marriage in Massachusetts. The study, "Effect of Same-Sex Marriage Laws on Health Care Use and Expenditures in Sexual Minority Men: A Quasi-Natural Experiment," is online in the American Journal of Public Health.

"Our results suggest that removing these barriers improves the health of gay and bisexual men," said Mark L. Hatzenbuehler, PhD, lead author of the study and a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health & Society Scholar at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health.

In the 12 months following the 2003 legalization of same-sex marriage in Massachusetts, gay and bisexual men had a significant decrease in medical care visits, mental health care visits, and mental health care costs, compared with the 12 months before the law change. This amounted to a 13-percent reduction in health care visits and a 14-percent reduction in health care costs. These health effects were similar for partnered and single gay men.

Among HIV-positive men, there was no reduction in HIV-related visits, suggesting that those in need of HIV/AIDS care continued to seek needed health care services.

For the study, researchers surveyed 1,211 patients from a large, community-based health clinic in Massachusetts that focuses on serving sexual minorities. Examining the clinic's billing records in the wake of the approval of Massachusetts' same-sex marriage law, researchers found a reduction in hypertension, depression, and adjustment disorders - all conditions associated with stress.

"These findings suggest that marriage equality may produce broad public health benefits by reducing the occurrence of stress-related health conditions in gay and bisexual men," Dr. Hatzenbuehler said.

Previous studies have documented that excluding lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals from marriage has a stressful impact on this population. Dr. Hatzenbuehler's study is the first study to examine whether same-sex marriage policies influence health care use and health care expenditures among sexual minorities. Lesbians were not included in the survey due to insufficient sample size among the patients who visit the clinic.

"This research makes important contributions to a growing body of evidence on the social, economic, and health benefits of marriage equality," Dr. Hatzenbuehler said. The research findings presented here are those of the researcher and are not necessarily the views of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

Article adapted by Medical News Today from original press release. Click 'references' tab above for source.
Visit our men's health section for the latest news on this subject.

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Women Should Still Be Concerned About Hormone Replacement Therapy

Main Category: Women's Health / Gynecology
Also Included In: Endocrinology
Article Date: 27 Dec 2011 - 0:00 PST

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McMaster University researchers have found consistent evidence that use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is associated with breast cancer globally. This study comes at a time when more women are again asking for this medication to control hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause.

The rising trend is at odds with a U.S. Women's Health Initiative (WHI) study of 2002 which found a higher incidence of breast cancer, heart attack and stroke among women using HRT. Those findings led to a rapid decline in HRT use and a subsequent reduction in the incidence of breast cancer in many countries. However, HRT is now being offered to women in smaller doses and for a shorter period of time.

In their study, the McMaster researchers found "convincing evidence" for a direct association between decreased HRT use after the WHI study and the declining incidence of breast cancer. Their research appears in the January 2012 issue of the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.

"The evidence is compelling that HRT use increases the risk of breast cancer, and its cessation reduces this risk," the researchers said.

Dr. Kevin Zbuk, assistant professor of oncology at the Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine at McMaster and lead author on the study says: "In our study we examined all studies that have reported breast cancer and rates of HRT use after the WHI study. There is very clear evidence that the countries with the highest HRT rates had the largest decrease in breast cancer incidence when HRT use started to decline.

"Given the potential harms associated with HRT use, physicians and patients alike should be reminded of the lessons learned from the WHI trial. If HRT is needed, it should be used for the shortest time and at the lowest dose necessary to relieve symptoms."

Article adapted by Medical News Today from original press release. Source: McMaster University
Visit our women's health / gynecology section for the latest news on this subject.

McMaster University

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